Objective To explore the genetic variation and population structure of Anopheles sinensis by analyzing the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunitⅠ(mtDNA COⅠ) gene of An. sinensis in Yunnan province, China. Methods From 2018 to 2019, mosquito trap lamps (Gongfu Xiaoshuai) were used to collect mosquitoes in six sampling sites, namely, Suijiang, Mengla, Tengchong, Luoping, Yuanjiang, and Funing. After the mosquitoes were identified as An. sinensis via morphology and molecular biology, the mitochondrial COⅠ gene was amplified and sequenced. MEGA 6 software was used to analyze the sequencing results, and DnaSP5 software was used to calculate the polymorphism-related indices and perform the mismatch analysis of An. sinensis populations from various areas. Arlequin 3.5.2.2 software was used to perform the analysis of molecular variance and neutrality tests and calculate the genetic differentiation ( F_ST values) and the number of migrants ( Nm values). Results In this study, 210 samples were successfully amplified from 6 An. sinensis populations (from six sampling sites) and there were 96 haplotypes. The haplotype diversity was 0.97 and nucleotide diversity was 0.011; the intra-population variation rate was 90.80% and the inter-population variation rate was 9.20%. Suijiang and Luoping had the highest F_ST value (0.21) and the lowest Nm (0.96). Apart from Tengchong, the Tajima's D values in other places were negative, and the P values were all greater than 0.05. The mismatch analysis showed that the curve had two peaks. Conclusion There is abundant genetic diversity among An. sinensis populations in Yunnan province and the rate of intra-population variation is greater than that of inter-population variation. Genetic differentiation is observed in Suijiang and Luoping, with no genetic differentiation observed in other areas. There is no population expansion of An. sinensis in Yunnan province recently.

Objective To investigate the distribution of Aedes mosquitoes in residential areas of Lincang in Yunnan province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of dengue fever. Methods Five longitudinal survey sites were set up for a 12-month consecutive investigation in the residential areas of three border counties and townships with state-level ports in Lincang in 2017. A total of 21 cross-sectional survey sites were set up for one-off investigation from August to September, 2017 in 5 non-border counties and 2 towns from each county located on main traffic lines. At least 30 households were investigated at each survey site and all water containers were checked. The fourth-instar larvae of Aedes were collected and identified, and the number of containers with Aedes larvae were used to calculate Breteau index (BI) and container index (CI). Results A total of 18 368 households and 35 289 containers were investigated in 26 townships. There were 814 positive containers, the overall BI and CI were 4.43 and 2.31%, respectively. The seasonal distribution of BI showed a bimodal pattern, with peaks in August and October, and the seasonal distribution of CI showed a unimodal pattern, with a peak in August. The constituent ratio of positive containers was 75.92% for Ae. albopictus, 23.96% for Ae. aegypti, and 0.12% for Ae. annandalei, and the positive rates of permanent and temporary containers were 0.10% and 1.92%, respectively. Aedes mosquitoes were distributed in 84.62% of the townships; Ae. albopictus, Ae. aegypti, and Ae. annandalei were distributed in 80.77%, 23.08%, and 3.85% of the townships, respectively. Among the five longitudinal survey sites, the highest annual cumulative BI and CI (9.90 and 6.80%) and monthly BI and CI (9.67 and 4.75% in August) were observed in Mengding town of Gengma county bordered with Myanmar, and the constituent ratio of Ae. aegypti-positive containers in Mengding town was 86.76%, among which buckets, waste tires, vases, waste bottles, and other containers accounted for 23.96%, 22.92%, 7.81%, 8.85%, and 36.46%, respectively. Conclusion Aedes albopictus is widely distributed in residential areas of Lincang. Aedes aegypti has strong adaptability and has spread to 6 townships of 3 counties in Lincang. It has become the dominant species of Aedes mosquitoes in some border areas and tend to spread to other regions.

Objective To investigate the population, community dominance, diversity, homogeneity and geographical niche of mosquitoes in China-Laos border, so as to provide advices for the prevention and control arboviral diseases and establish a reference for related ecological researches in these districts. Methods Surveillance were conducted in 12 counties and cities in China and Laos around border from 2012 to 2015. Adult mosquitoes were collected by overnight trapping with ovitrap light from August to October of each year. All captured mosquitoes were counted and identified in the laboratory and then computed the community composition, density, community index and geographical niche of mosquitoes. Results Total of 26 061 adult mosquitoes was captured and identified to 58 species of 13 genera in 3 subfamilies. Among them, 20 410 mosquitoes of 46 species of 11 genera in 3 subfamilies were captured in China and 5 651 mosquitoes of 36 species of 10 genera in 2 subfamilies were captured in Laos. The predominant species were Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Anopheles sinensis in the border areas of China and Laos. The proportion for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in all captured mosquitoes were 52.05%(10 624/20 410)in China and 54.24%(3 065/5 651)in Laos( P>0.05). But the proportion of An. sinensis were higher in China(23.58%, 4 813/20 410)than in Laos(12.42%, 702/5 651)( P<0.05). There is no statistical significance in the average density between captured mosquitoes, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and An. sinensis( P>0.05). There is no statistical significance in the dominance index, diversity index and homogeneity index( P>0.05). The order of mosquito diversity in counties along the border of China and Laos from high to low was Phongsaly, Louangphrabang, Luangnamtha, Houayxay, Oudomxay, Jinghong, Jiangcheng, Mengla, Mengxing, Simao, Menghai and Bengtai. The mosquitoes with maximum geographical niche were Cx. tritaeniorhynchus( B_i=0.810 9), Ar. subalbatus ( B_i=0.746 1)and An. kochi( B_i=0.742 6)of 12 counties in the border of China and Laos, An. sinensis( B_i=0.880 2), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus( B_i=0.875 1)and Ar. subalbatus( B_i=0.809 5)in 5 counties of China border and Ar. subalbatus ( B_i=0.944 7), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus( B_i=0.895 1), and An. barbirostris( B_i=0.880 8)in 7 counties of Laos border. Conclusion The populations of mosquitoes in the border of China and Laos were highly diverse, homogeneous distribution among communities, with stable composition and similar ecological characteristics. Culex tritaeniorhynchus and An. sinensis were the predominant species with maximum composition of community, density and geographical niche in these districts.

Objective To investigate mosquito composition,distribution and habitats in Chuxiong prefecture of Yunnan province and provide evidences to prevent local arboviral infectious diseases. Methods Three counties were choosen and then two natural villages in each county were selected randomly from July to August in 2014. Adult mosquitoes were collected by overnight trapping with light trap and double-bednets. Larvaes were collected in different breeding sites around villages. Results A total of 12 711 adult mosquitoes from 23 species of 6 genera in 2 subfamily were collected. Among them, 12 384 adult mosquitoes from 15 species in 4 genera were collected by overnight trapping with light trap and the maximal amount species were Culex tritaeniorhynchus (59.95%). The average population density of adults mosquitoes were 344.00 of each light trap with overnight trap. Besides, a total of 327 individuals were collected from 11 species in 4 genera by double-bednets, of those Aedes albopictus as dengue vector were local predominant species (19.88%). The average population density of adult mosquitoes was 5.90 per labor hour by double-bednets. A total of 8 586 larvae were collected from 22 species of 6 genera in 2 subfamilies, of those Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was the most (27.50%). Conclusion The species richness was high in 3 counties of Chuxiong prefecture and different mosquito species with different habitats. The predominant species were Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Other four species including Cx. pipiens quinguefasciatus, Anopheles sinensis, An. minimus, and Ae. albopictus were sub-dominant species. Afore mentioned five mosquitoes specises are wild spread with large populations and deserve our attentions.

Objective To investigate mosquito fauna and habitats in the north of Laos and provide evidences for clarification of mosquitoes, prevention of mosquitoes borne diseases and take advantage of biological resources. Methods Seven counties of five provinces in the north of Laos were chosen randomly from August to October in 2014 and 2015. Adult mosquitoes were collected by overnight trapping with ovitrap light and larvae were collected in the different breeding sites. All captured mosquitoes were processed in the lab. Results In total, 5 921 adult mosquitoes and 3 526 larvae were collected from 82 species of 19 subgenera of 15 genera in 3 subfamilies. All captured adult mosquitoes from 37 species of 11 subgenera of 10 genera in 2 subfamilies were collected by overnight trapping with ovitrap light. The predominant species was Culex tritaeniorhynchus(3 925, 66.29%). Besides, collected larvae belonged to 59 species of 17 subgenera of 12 genera in 3 subfamilies. Culex tritaeniorhynchus was still the predominant species(751, 21.30%). In total, 636 larval habitats of seven different environments were investigated. The predominant habitats were bamboo tube and tree hole(162) and wasted tires(153), these three habitats accounted for 49.30%(315/636)in all habitats. Conclusion The mosquito species showed biological richness in the north of Laos. The predominant species was Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, followed by Anopheles argyropus, An. minimus, An. sinensis, Aedes albopictus, Armigeres subalbatus and Ae. aegypti. The diversity and complexity of habitats of larvae were observed. Different mosquito larvae preferred different habitats, but symbiotic phenomenon of various mosquito species commonly existed.

Objective To observe the biological efficacy of the 45% mixed fumigant of sulfuryl fluoride with d-Cyphenothrin under simulated field. Methods The procedures described in the“Laboratory efficacy test methods and criterions of public health insecticides for pesticide registration”of PRC criterion were referred to for the study. Results It was found that the lowest lethal dose of the mixed fumigant to mosquito, fly, cockroach and clothes moth, etc. was 5 g/m³(a.i. 2.25 g/m³), with the dose to mice being 20 g/m³(a.i. 9 g/m³). Conclusion The 45%mixed fumigant of sulfuryl fluoride with d-Cyphenothrin has a quick knock-down and excellent lethal effect on both pests and mice.

【Abstract】 Objective To assess the situation and influence factors of insecticide treatment bed net(ITN) in Yunnan malaria endemic areas and provide the measures for generalization of ITN. Methods Cross survey was used among 47 counties of Yunnan malaria endemic areas by multi?stages sampling method. Results There were 8.68% of households with ITN. The use of bed net was influenced by economic status, gender, marriage, education level, attitude to the use of ITN, malaria transmission knowledge and preventive knowledge analyzed by logistic regression analysis. Conclusion It should pay more attention to the population from poor families, woman, single and illiterate during the promotion of ITN. The use of ITN could be promoted by the transmission of malaria transmission route and preventive measures.